Truth or Lie: Fiction vs. Memoir--How Memoir Writers Can Approach Truth and Healing

The recent flap about James Frey's A Million Littlebeyond private journaling, a memoir writer must
Pieces has hit the media with a big bang, bringing thecreate a story that has a shape, drama, and story
age-old debate about what is acceptable whenarc. This may mean constructing a scene that
writing memoir--a "real" story. Every time a memoir isconflates time, or adds costumes to our characters
released that gains media attention this debate isthat they may or may not have worn, but our job is
raised. Mary Karr, The Liar's Club, Jennifer Lauck,to be as accurate and as honest as we can be. If
Blackbird, and Vivian Gornick, Fierce Attachments, allwe change the plot of our lives because another plot
defended their memoirs in various medias, and all saidwould be more interesting to the publisher, we are in
that some recreations of actual reality had to occurthe realm of fiction. If we say we had relationships
in order to write the story and make it interesting.we didn't have because it would make a better
As a memoir teacher, I find that people are verystory, we need to call it fiction.
worried about the ethical issues involved in memoirA memoir writer needs to write a first draft that
writing. For example, the writers ask such questionssifts through the happenings, feelings, and challenges
as, "what if I don't remember the exact conversationand get them down on the page--a draft that is
when my mother died," or "I don't know whathealing and purging--and important work.
clothes I was wearing the day my father went awayPublishing is another stage. The writer must ask many
forever." I am always moved by these innocent,questions of the work--how much to include, what is
caring questions, because the writer is trying verythe shape of the book, and how to write it so
hard to be truthful and accurate, and not leave anyothers can identify and understand.
room to be accused of dishonesty.What to say about James Frey? None of us can
In my memoir Don't Call Me Mother I researched theknow for sure what went on for him as he
time the train arrived in Perry, Oklahoma to makeconstructed his book, and what he remembered. On
sure the scene I was painting and the conflict withJanuary 15, Mary Karr wrote a piece in the New York
my grandmother about how long she'd kept myTimes about memoir writing and she had this to say,
father waiting at the train station--three hours! was"Call me outdated, but I want to stay hamstrung by
accurate. My memory told me it was a long time, butobjective truth, when the very notion has been
finding the time of scheduled arrival made me feeleroding for at least a century. When Mary McCarthy
great--memory was not all I was drawing upon towrote 'Memoirs of a Catholic Girlhood' in 1957, she
create a story that would be taken seriously asfelt obliged to clarify how she recreated dialogue. In
"real." In fact, when I began writing the stories thather preface, she wrote: 'This record lays a claim to
eventually turned into my memoir, I was calling itbeing historical - that is, much of it can be checked. If
"fiction," but the writing group challenged me aboutthere is more fiction in it than I know, I should like to
how unrealistic it was that a mother would act thebe set right.'"
way my mother acted, and that my grandmotherMary went on to talk about how much she learned,
was portrayed as "too over the top," thusand how healing it was when she didn't make
unbelievable. My answer was, "but it was all true."passages in her book more "interesting" or shape
Their response: "It doesn't matter what is true inthem into a slightly different story. "If I'd hung on to
fiction, but it does for memoir."my assumptions, believing my drama came from
I realized that the power of the story I was going toobstacles I'd never had to overcome - a portrait of
tell was that it was true, and I did my best tomyself as scrappy survivor of unearned cruelties - I
recreate scenes that delivered the truth. Naturally,wouldn't have learned what really happened. Which is
childhood memory is subjective, any memory iswhat I mean when I say God is in the truth."
subjective, but over the years, as I talked withWhat a great idea--as we write memoir we are
people who knew parts of the story and visitedreaching for something beyond our conscious selves.
locations where the story took place, I discoveredIn the river of creativity and the search for truth,
that indeed I had remembered very well, and I hadthere are forces beyond us moving us along to a
not made things up in my mind. However, I am sureplace we didn't even know about, a place of healing
that if my grandmother and mother were alive toand resolution. We can hope that James Frey also
challenge what I wrote, they would have anotherhas found, or is finding, a resolution for his suffering,
point of view.and that all memoir writers do the same, by wrestling
In order to reach out to the reading public and gowith what truth is, and writing it out with a full voice.